Introduce Kids to Weather with These Coloring Pages

One of the earliest ways kids begin learning about the weather is by drawing and coloring weather symbols like suns, clouds, snowflakes, and the seasons. Teaching children about the weather with art and pictures not only makes it easier for them to understand, it also makes learning about severe and more serious kinds of weather less scary. Weve rounded up a collection of  family-friendly  weather coloring books offered by  the National Weather Service that help keep families informed and safe during severe weather events. Kids are encouraged to read about each severe storm type and then color in the pictures.   Meet Billy Maria Created by NOAAs National Severe Storms Laboratory,  Billy and Maria are two young friends who learn about severe weather through their adventures in  thunderstorms, tornadoes, and winter storms. Young students can accompany them by reading each story page and then coloring in the pictures.   Best for ages: 3 to 5 years The smaller coloring spaces, large text, and  simple sentences make these books appropriate for younger children.  Ã‚   Severe Weather with Owlie Skywarn NOAA also aims to capture the attention of kids with Owlie Skywarn, their official weather mascot.  Owlie is known for being wise about the weather and can help your children and students to do the same.  Booklets are 5-10 pages long and include fact boxes with illustrations that can be colored in. A  quiz (true/false, fill in the blank) is included at the end of every book to test what kids have learned.  Ã‚   In addition to the Owlie Skywarn coloring books, kids can also follow Owlies weather adventures  on Twitter (NWSOwlieSkywarn) and Facebook (nwsowlie). Some of Owlies Activity books  talk about: TornadoesHurricanesFloodsLightningWinter Storms Best for ages:  8 and up The coloring books are expertly designed and very informative, but almost too informative. The font type is quite  small and the information is a little above the coloring book stage of student interest.   Teachers: Weave Coloring Into Your Weather Science Lesson Plans Teachers can  implement these weather coloring books into the classroom as part of a daily plan over the course of five days. Using a severe storms theme, we suggest teachers present all of the materials one day at a time. Print out all of the booklets in the list, but don’t pass out the quiz. Present the material to students and then give them the quiz to take home and complete with their families. Tell students their assignment is to â€Å"teach† their families about severe storm preparation. Parents: Make Weather Coloring An Anytime Activity Just because these coloring books are educational, doesnt mean they dont make a good anytime coloring activity! Parents and guardians should use them at home, too, to begin to teach kids about weather safety from  a very young age.  Each of the coloring books actually shows kids how to react in the event of severe weather so that whenever storms do hit home, your kids will feel more  relaxed and ready for them.   Follow this family plan to implement these booklets in your family nights. We suggest parents plan one night per week to review the written information in the booklets. Since there are five booklets, you can complete this small course of study in just five weeks. Since storm preparation is so vital, you have to remember to practice the safety information over and over. Here are the steps: Assign one night for reading and reviewing the information together.Give your kids supplies to color the pages. Make sure you tell your kids to think about the safety information as they color.Check with your kids periodically to see what they remember. Put the details into practice at  home with random questions about the material. Since storms can happen suddenly, knowing what to do quickly and â€Å"on the spot† is vital to learning and preparation.At the end of the week, go over the information together again. Present the Owlie Skywarn quiz and see how many of the answers your kids can guess.Design a weather drill poster or paper so that you and the rest of your family will know what to do during a storm. Post it to a central spot, like the refrigerator.  Periodically, practice the weather drills so that your family stays refreshed.

Oedipus Rex And Master Harold And The Boys - 1803 Words

For the two short stories play we read in class, of Oedipus Rex by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald and Master Harold and the boys by Athol Fugard, you we learned that the two main characters from the stories story had a very similar characteristics from each other. They both shared personal faults with each other and short temper , great pride in themselves and both characters were treated like a master from the people around them this was because they were given that idea from the people around them. In the both play, Oedipus Rex and Master Harold and the boys. Oedipus and Harold throughout the play transpired due to the tragic flaw of their characters. They both were very temperamental characters who became easily angered. Both were prideful individuals, lastly they were treated like a higher power than they really were. Oedipus who desired to be a hero and avenge the death of Laius. His devout need to know the truth, and have the proof that it indeed was the truth also led to his ruin. Harold was very desired to always be right and be looked upon people around him because this made him feel powerful by others. Oedipus had a very short temper. This character versus character wrist it brought Oedipus to his downfall. In the beginning of the play Oedipus was introduced as a noble caring man. But shortly through the play you see Oedipus is true colors. One of the main scenes that show Oedipus is short temper was when he lost his temper with Tiresias. BecauseShow MoreRelatedHow to Read Lit Like a Prof Notes3608 Words   |  15 PagesBiblical names often draw a connection between literary character and Biblical charcter. 8. Hanseldee and Greteldum--using fairy tales and kid lit a. Hansel and Gretel: lost children trying to find their way home b. Peter Pan: refusing to grow up, lost boys, a girl-nurturer/ c. Little Red Riding Hood: See Vampires d. Alice in Wonderland, The Wizard of Oz: entering a world that doesn’t work rationally or operates under different rules, the Red Queen, the White Rabbit, the Cheshire Cat, the Wicked WitchRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 Pageswork as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary. You may select a work from the list below or another novel or play of comparable literary merit. Alias Grace Middlemarch All the King’s Men Moby-Dick Candide Obasan Death of a Salesman Oedipus Rex Doctor Faustus Orlando Don Quixote A portrait of the Artist as a Young Man A Gesture Life Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Ghosts The Scarlet Letter Great ExpectationsRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesyour life, including working in assigned teams in this and other courses, planning social events for a campus or community organization, counseling a troubled sibling or friend, managing end-of-semester deadlines, or handling a difficult issue with a boy/girlfriend or spouse. The sooner you begin—and the more you persist in—practicing what you learn in this course, the more you’ll be able to count on these skills as â€Å"automatic responses† when you need them as a manager. Supplemental Material PASSWORD-PROTECTED

Environmental Sustainability Integrated Strategies

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Sustainability Integrated Strategies. Answer: Changed climate is one of the most common issues affecting the global standard of living for human and any other living population. Climate change is referred to the change in statistical distribution of weather pattern throughout a longer period. The climate change is causing due to factors associates with the biotic processes, plate tectonics, variations in solar radiation and certain human activities like abruptly cutting trees. Global warming is one of the major issues raised due to climate change (Wilby Dessai, 2010). Thus, a number of national and international intentions have been developed for combating the climate change. In this essay, the existing literatures on climate change and adaptations for sustainable development would be analyzed. The role of government on sustaining those initiatives would also be assessed by reviewing existing literatures related to the current topic. Selection of this topic is significant because global climate change is a wide topic, which can address different specific issues covered in this topic. Wilby and Dessai (2010) defined the global environment change as a global collective-action problem as the entire world is suffering from its negative impact and the reduction strategies needs expensive actions. According to Conventional collective action theory, these problems need appropriate action taken by the external authority to get the solution. The global sea level change in the last century has been estimated widely, which have widely affected the survival of marine animals. On the other hand, the decline in arctic sea ice level through several last decades is the evidence for rapid change in climate. Due to changes in sea level and overall climate change, the increase of surface temperature and changes in hydrological cycle is changing the waterfall patterns, which is affecting the water reservation and management. From a global perspective, a number of disasters caused by the weather associated phenomenon have been enhanced. Thus, Huntjens, Pahl-Wostl and Grin (2010) have focused upon the management of the river basin at sub national level. For dealing with new and existing complexities regarding water resource management, there should be a significant response towards the change in social and natural environment for predicting related doubts. The author highlighted that an integrated and adaptive water resource management involves a real paradigm shift in water management, which aims to enhance the adaptive capacity of river basins in Europe, thereby involving an alteration in entire water management regime. Author revealed several important regime elements that need to be considered for identifying standard patterns in adaptive and integrated water management and to address the function of these regimes in dealing with climate change effect on droughts or floods. Findings revealed two ways association between collaboration and information management are important instead of bottom-up governance. It has been revealed from this research that all the regimes are attempting to achieve a balance between bottom-up and top-down governance. However, it has also been revealed that the river basins where one type of extreme is predominating, the impact of other extremes urgency should also be considered. In the last two decades, the European climate policy concentrated on mitigation of climate change issue and with the observation of its increased impact on the issue, the strategies were included to the policy agenda and development of National Adaptation Strategies (NAS) began. Biesbroek et al., (2010) assessed the level of sustainable development of NASs in Europe. Through a framework of six themes researchers analyzed the NASs in different European countries. The thematic analyzed revealed that nine EU member states already developed a National Adaptation Strategy, whereas other state were going through a developing process. These countries showed sustainable development in Europe for climate change adaptation. The research study revealed that the EU policies, international climate negotiations, economic costs of inactions, development in other countries, media presentation, opportunity recognition, scientific research are the motivational factors for countries to develop National Adaptation strategy. Moreover, these drivers are facilitating good cooperation between political leers, enhancing political will, enhanced knowledge availability and compatibility, thereby promoting the development of National Adaptation Strategy. In addition, it h s also been found that a multi-level interaction is very important for development of long term and sustainable NAS and its implementation. Analyzing NASs across different states in Europe, it has been revealed that multilevel governance, policy integration is wider challenge in this context compared to technical solutions. Ford, Berrang-Ford and Paterson (2011) conducted a systematic mixed method literature review for analyzing the climate change adaptation in different nations. In contrast to the article provided by Biesbroek et al., (2010), this research is not limited in Europe, rather has been focused on the maintenance and sustainability of the climate change adaptation strategies in developed nations. The systematic review revealed that in developed nations, climate change adaptation actions are not reported frequently. Moreover, higher-levels of government are key players in reporting adaptations. Adaptations are mostly implemented in municipality and higher-levels of government and government mechanism, institutional guidelines were found to be the predominating adaptation forms. The review documented that the most adaptation interventions were non-structural involving plans, policies, guidelines, regulations or operating frameworks. The key component of these non-structural climate change adap tations involved interventions for improving the way of dealing and experiencing with change by the human system. The finding revealed negligible most focus of climate change adaptation was on the Arctic and coastal areas, especially in the UK and US publications; whereas no significant reporting was found for other vulnerable groups outside thee areas. However, the review revealed a wider documentation regarding the barriers of adaptation implementation. Within this context, the institutional challenge is one of the mostly noted barriers related to sustainability of change. Whereas, Tompkins et al., (2010) argued that coastal planning in UK is hindered by the local political necessity, where long term planning are scarified in national level. Supporting the findings of Biesbroek et al., (2010), Bauer and Steurer (2015) compared the NAS in German and Dutch water management. Throughout Europe, comprehensive multi-sectoral adaptation strategies were the predominating adaptation strategies for dealing with climate change. Like the European strategies, German adaptation strategies also include 14 different sectors with national issues and measures to make the approach comprehensive, which also provided orientation to other sub-national actors. In contrast, Netherland represented a climate change adaptation known as Dutch Delta Program, which is focused upon sectoral approach. In contrast to the multi-sectoral approach, in delta program, a Delta committee is appointed for flood protection and risk management in Netherlands; the committee recommended a Delta act with its fund. Upon comparing the multi-sectoral, comprehensive approaches with the sectorally focused approach, it has been revealed that there is no significant superi ority in the multi-sectoral strategy implementation by Germany and other OECD countries over the sectorally focused approach. Based on the findings, it can be interpreted that weaknesses in each approach can be compensated by implementation of combined approach. However, Bauer and Steurer (2015) argued that there should be diversity in governance of climate change adaptation. Eriksen et al., (2011) argued that limate adaptation is a vital issue, but slight attention has been paid over the impact of adaptation policies and practices for sustainability. The article provided by the author represented the normative principles for guiding different strategies towards sustainable practice with long term effects. Climate change adaptation strategies are well adapted by the developed and developing countries, but the sustainability is barely considered and reported by the nations, which is an important aspect. In this context, Eriksen et al., (2011) had identified key principles of ensuring sustainability of those climate change adaptation strategies. These principles include recognizing the context for vulnerability, acknowledging that different values and interests affect adaptation outcomes, including multiple stressors, considering potential feedbacks between local and global processes and integrating local knowledge into adaptation responses. Therefore, it h as been revealed that along with the selection of the best possible adaptation strategies, its sustainability should also be ensured. It needs attaining strategies beyond single climate proofing measures. The authors highlighted the importance of considering social, environmental and other related contexts along with cost-effectiveness of its applicability. Munasinghe (2011) supported the viewpoints and findings revealed in the articles by Eriksen et al., (2011), by addressing two chief global challenges including climate change and sustainable development. Due to climate change, population is facing several social, economic and environmental threats, within which, the economic downturn is the most pressing issue. Eriksen et al., (2011) claimed that policy makers or strategy developers should focus more on ensuring sustainability and cost effectiveness of the adaptation strategies, whereas Munasinghe (2011) highlighted that deeper issues should be addressed in a systematically approach by concentrating on both direct drivers and basic strains. This statement is supported by Eriksen et al., (2011), but Munasinghe (2011) put an addition to the previous work, by considering the importance of using sustainomics in national sustainable strategy development regarding climate change adaptation. Sustainomics is a practical frame for integration in the strategy development process, to ensure sustainability of a strategy. This approach can be applied at global level for reconciling climate change risk management and development aspirations. Moreover, Munasinghe (2011) addressed the integration of some pivotal adaptation and mitigation policies including sustainable pricing policies, macroeconomic policy adjustment, and climate impacts on agriculture, food security, and water management and renewable energy projects, which has been addressed by Biesbroek et al., (2010) and other authors. Immediate collaborative action can mitigate these complex issues. Adger (2010) highlighted a different perspective of climate change strategies adaptation. The author provided a view point of how social capital is being affected by the climate change strategy adaptation and how it is affecting the cascade of social system. The author highlighted that with increased climate change related consequences, all the social and environmental levels should be considered while learning from the past and present strategy adaptations for understanding the limitations of different aspects of change including markets, states and civil society; eliminating those hindrance would make the future strategies more sustainable practices. Adger (2010) claimed that these aspects are bound up in their capability to act cooperatively. Therefore, the authors viewpoint is supporting the viewpoint of Munasinghe (2011), Eriksen et al., (2011) and Berrang-Ford and Paterson (2011) findings. Klein (2011) has shown the important role of technology in climate change sustainable strategy adaptation. However, author highlighted the role and importance of government and addressed that effectiveness of a technology relies upon its necessity of being a part of broader strategy, acknowledging uncertainty and addressing the factors influencing future vulnerability. The author highlighted that such a strategy requires the integration of economic development efforts along with human resource consideration, thereby supporting the findings of Eriksen et al., (2011). Casado-Asensio and Steurer (2014) showed the importance of collaborative operations for developing multi-sectoral strategies related to adaptation for climate change. Alike Bauer and Steurer (2015) the importance of considering policy rationale, governance characteristics and performance standards has been highlighted in by the author. The author also suggested opportunities for further integrated strategy development. Fi nally, supporting the previous literatures, Casado-Asensio and Steurer (2014) recommended recalibration of strategies towards better communication, which is a key aspect in improving collaborative practices and raising awareness. Measham et al., (2011) addressed issues or barriers for implementing the climate change adaptation strategies, which should be mitigated for sustainable development, as found in some previously discussed resources, representing barriers. Author showed that considering these issues in local and state based planning can help to get better climate change adaptation. The literature review revealed that temperature rise is the most evident cause of climate change, and the increase in CO2 level due to the emissions from fossil fuel combustion, ozone layer depletion and deforestations are the key reasons behind massive climate change and its negative impacts upon lives on earth In conclusion, it has been revealed that a collaborative and focused approach involving systematic process will enhance the effectiveness of the practices along with enhanced sustainability of environmental well being. The literature review identified the barriers of climate change adaptation strategies along with the suitable ways to mitigate those challenges and making the change sustainable. Reference List Adger, W. N. (2010). Social capital, collective action, and adaptation to climate change. In Der klimawandel (pp. 327-345). VS Verlag fr Sozialwissenschaften. Bauer, A., Steurer, R. (2015). National Adaptation Strategies, what else? Comparing adaptation mainstreaming in German and Dutch water management. Regional Environmental Change, 15(2), 341-352. Biesbroek, G. R., Swart, R. J., Carter, T. R., Cowan, C., Henrichs, T., Mela, H., ... Rey, D. (2010). Europe adapts to climate change: comparing national adaptation strategies. Global environmental change, 20(3), 440-450. Casado-Asensio, J., Steurer, R. (2014). Integrated strategies on sustainable development, climate change mitigation and adaptation in Western Europe: communication rather than coordination. Journal of Public Policy, 34(03), 437-473. Eriksen, S., Aldunce, P., Bahinipati, C. S., Martins, R. D. A., Molefe, J. I., Nhemachena, C., ... Ulsrud, K. (2011). When not every response to climate change is a good one: Identifying principles for sustainable adaptation. Climate and Development, 3(1), 7-20. Ford, J. D., Berrang-Ford, L., Paterson, J. (2011). A systematic review of observed climate change adaptation in developed nations. Climatic change, 106(2), 327-336. Huntjens, P., Pahl-Wostl, C., Grin, J. (2010). Climate change adaptation in European river basins. Regional Environmental Change, 10(4), 263-284. Klein, R. J. (2011). Adaptation to climate change. In Climate (pp. 157-168). Springer Netherlands. Measham, T. G., Preston, B. L., Smith, T. F., Brooke, C., Gorddard, R., Withycombe, G., Morrison, C. (2011). Adapting to climate change through local municipal planning: barriers and challenges. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 16(8), 889-909. Munasinghe, M. (2011). Addressing sustainable development and climate change together using sustainomics. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2(1), 7-18. Tompkins, E. L., Adger, W. N., Boyd, E., Nicholson-Cole, S., Weatherhead, K., Arnell, N. (2010). Observed adaptation to climate change: UK evidence of transition to a well-adapting society. Global environmental change, 20(4), 627-635. Wilby, R. L., Dessai, S. (2010). Robust adaptation to climate change. Weather, 65(7), 180-185.

Stand Essays - The Stand, Randall Flagg, Abigail, Harold, Las Vegas

Stand Stephen King's The Stand is a thrilling novel that portrays the forces of good against evil. In the year 1991, a plague strikes America, leaving only a few thousand people alive who are immune to the epidemic. Of the survivors, those who serve Good instinctively join in Boulder, Colorado, while those who worship the Dark Man are drawn to Las Vegas, Nevada. The two groups separately re-build society, until one must destroy the other. Franni Goldsmith comes very close to killing herself. She thinks she can not deal with her parent's deaths, being unmarried and pregnant, and having the only other survivor in her hometown of Ogunquit, Main be her recently deceased best friend's weird brother Harold Lauder. Fran puts aside her personal feelings for Harold aside, and goes with him to the place in her dreams, to Boulder, Colorado. On their way, they meet up with six people from various states in the United States who joined them on their journey. Fran is disturbed by her dreams, as all of them are by their own. She dreams of an old lady named Abigail. This lady is kind and loving and promises to protect them from the evil. In the dreams there is also a Dark Man. He is always there lurking, waiting to attack. Harold admits to himself that he is in love with Fran and goes crazy when he realizes how serious Fran has become with Stuart Redman, one of the newcomers to their traveling group. Harold becomes insanely jealous and plots to separate them, even if it means murder. Harold doesn't admit it to any of them, but his dreams are different from theirs. In his dreams the Dark Man offers Harold power and respect, something Harold could never imagine in the past. Harold knows his destiny is to go to Las Vegas. The group arrives in Boulder, and soon after are joined by over one thousand others who dream of Abigail and this place. They eventuwilly form a society where they settled and has meetings to decide what they would do about the Dark Man. Abigail tells the people that three of them, including Stuart, must be sent to destroy the Dark Man. Meanwhile Harold secretly leaves with the Dark Man's bride-to-be (Nadine) to Las Vegas. Harold is ready to kill Stuart, but is killed instead by the will of Good. Nadine makes it safely to Las Vegas before Stuart and his two companions are about to be hanged. Out of the sky the hand of Good comes and destroys the Dark Man sparing the three men. After much hardship, Stuart returns to Fran and her newborn son and together they plant the seeds of a new society. The Stand is a book about human nature. It shows people's the meaning of good or evil. Mostly, it shows how it is in man's nature to build society and to fight for his beliefs. I found this book to be extremely entertaining because it was well written and somewhat interesting, despite it's supernatural aspects. I would recommend this book for anyone who enjoys horror movies.

What is Asthma Essays

What is Asthma Essays What is Asthma Essay What is Asthma Essay What is Asthma Asthma is a chronic disease that causes narrowing of the small airways in your lungs. Typically patients develop wheezing and usually have increased mucous production in the lungs. The causes of asthma is from family history of asthma. Like Me and my brothers inherited it from mom. Another cause is if as an infant you are exposed to any high levels of antigens, which is a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies. Another cause is an allergic trigger such as mould, animal dander, pollen , cockroaches and dust mites. Also are non- allergic triggers such as chemicals, fumes, odors, certain drugs, too much strenuous physical activity, weather and exposure to tobacco smoke or chemical irritants. The effects are the weakening of lungs, you are more prone to breathing problems, increased lung infection and pneumonia, wheezing , which indicates the tightening of your airways and lastly coughing. The treatments are long erm medications such as anti-inflammatory drugs that will keep your lungs from becoming inflamed. Quick-relief inhalers quickly open swollen airways that are limiting breathing. In some cases, allergy medications are necessary. Long-term medications, generally taken daily, are the cornerstone of asthma treatment. These medications keep asthma under control on a day to day bases and make it less likely youll have an asthma attack. Types of long-term medications include: Inhaled orticosteroids, Leukotriene modifiers, long-acting beta agonist, combination inhalers and Theophylline. You should work with your doctor to create an asthma action plan that outlines in writing when to take medications, or when to increase or decrease the dose of your medications based on your symptoms. Also include a list of your triggers and the steps you need to take to avoid them. Your doctor may also recommend tracking your symptoms or using a peak flow meter on a regular basis to monitor how well your treatment is controlling your asthma.

Indonesia - Geography, History, and More

Indonesia - Geography, History, and More Population: 240,271,522 (July 2009 estimate)Capital: JakartaMajor Cities: Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, SemarangArea: 735,358 square miles (1,904,569 sq km)Bordering Countries: Timor-Leste, Malaysia, Papua New GuineaCoastline: 33,998 miles (54,716 km)Highest Point: Puncak Jaya at 16,502 feet (5,030 m)Indonesia is the worlds largest archipelago with 13,677 islands (6,000 of which are inhabited). Indonesia has a long history of political and economic instability and has only recently begun to grow more secure in those areas. Today Indonesia is a growing tourist hotspot because of its tropical landscape in places such as Bali.Indonesias HistoryIndonesia has a long history that began with organized civilizations on the islands of Java and Sumatra. From the 7th to the 14th century, Srivijaya, a Buddhist Kingdom grew on Sumatra and at its peak it spread from West Java to the Malay Peninsula. By the 14th century, eastern Java saw the rise of the Hindu Kingdom Majapahit and its chief minister fr om 1331 to 1364, Gadjah Mada, was able to gain control of much of what is present-day Indonesia. Islam however, arrived in Indonesia in the 12th century and by the end of the 16th century, it replaced Hinduisim as the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra.In the early 1600s, the Dutch began growing large settlements on Indonesias islands and by 1602, they were in control of much of the country (except East Timor which belonged to Portugal). The Dutch then ruled Indonesia for 300 years as the Netherlands East Indies.By the early 20th century, Indonesia began a movement for independence which grew particularly large between World Wars I and II and Japan occupied Indonesia during WWII. Following Japans surrender to the Allies during the war though, a small group of Indonesians proclaimed independence for Indonesia. On August 17, 1945 this group established the Republic of Indonesia.In 1949, the new Republic of Indonesia adopted a constitution that established a parliamentary system of government. It was unsuccessful though because the executive branch of Indonesias government was to be chosen by parliament itself which was divided among various political parties. In the years following its independence, Indonesia struggled to govern itself and there were several unsuccessful rebellions beginning in 1958. In 1959, President Soekarno re-established a provisional constitution that had been written in 1945 to provide broad presidential powers and take power from the parliament. This act led to an authoritarian government termed Guided Democracy from 1959 to 1965.In the late 1960s, President Soekarno transferred his political power to General Suharto who eventually became Indonesias president in 1967. The new President Suharto established what he called the New Order to rehabilitate Indonesias economy. President Suharto controlled the country until he resigned in 1998 after years of continued civil unrest.Indonesias third president, President Habibie, then took power in 1999 and began rehabilitating Indonesias economy and restructuring the government. Since then, Indonesia has held several successful elections, its economy is growing and the count ry is becoming more stable. Government of IndonesiaToday, Indonesia is a republic with a single legislative body that is made up of the House of Representatives. The House is split into an upper body, called the Peoples Consultative Assembly, and lower bodies called the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat and the House of Regional Representatives. The executive branch is comprised of the chief of state and the head of government- both of which are filled by the president.Indonesia is divided into 30 provinces, two special regions and one special capital city.Economics and Land Use in IndonesiaIndonesias economy is centered on agriculture and industry. The main agricultural products of Indonesia are rice, cassava, peanuts, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, poultry, beef, pork and eggs. Indonesias largest industrial products include petroleum and natural gas, plywood, rubber, textiles and cement. Tourism is also a growing sector of Indonesias economy.Geography and Climate of IndonesiaThe topography of Indonesias islands varies but it consists mainly of coastal lowlands. Some of Indonesias larger islands (Sumatra and Java for example) have large interior mountains. Because the 13,677 islands that make up Indonesia are located on the two continental shelves, many of these mountains are volcanic and there are several crater lakes on the islands. Java for example has 50 active volcanoes.Because of its location, natural disasters, especially earthquakes, are common in Indonesia. On December 26, 2004 for example, a 9.1 to 9.3 magnitude earthquake struck in the Indian Ocean which triggered a large tsunami that devastated many Indonesian islands (images).Indonesias climate is tropical with hot and humid weather in lower elevations. In the highlands of Indonesias islands, temperatures are more moderate. Indonesia also has a wet season that lasts from December to March.Indonesia Facts Indonesia is the worlds fourth most populous country (behind China, India and the United States)Indonesia is the worlds largest Muslim countryLife expectancy in Indonesia is 69.6 yearsBahasa Indonesia is the countrys official language but English, Dutch and other native languages are spoken as well To learn more about Indonesia visit the Geography and maps section of this website. References Central Intelligence Agency. (2010, March 5). CIA - The World Factbook Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html Infoplease. (n.d.). Indonesia: History, Geography, Government, and Culture - Infoplease.com. Retrieved from infoplease.com/ipa/A0107634.html United States Department of State. (2010, January). Indonesia (01/10). Retrieved from state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2748.htm

Organizational Change and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational Change and Development - Essay Example Argument The proposed research builds on the assumption that organizational change is the concept with no clear boundaries and draws on a number of traditions and social science disciplines (Hughes 2006). The complexity of the organizational change phenomenon justifies the presence of multiple change management perspectives. Interpretation of the issue That organizational change is interpreted in a number of ways is a well-known fact. Much has been written and said about the various perspectives on organizational change and change management. The organizational change process is extremely complex. Generally, organizations apply to change, with the goal to transform and, consequentially, adapt to environmental changes (Stacey 1995). Organizational change is always rational and intentional (Stacey 1995). Most organization theories explain and confirm the variability of organizational characteristics (Hannan & Freeman 1994). The multitude of organizational change perspectives can be int erpreted from a number of viewpoints. The causes and anticipated consequences of organizational change greatly affect organization attitudes to change. Environmental variables and the disciplines on which organizational change frameworks build matter a lot. The issue in question should be interpreted through the prism of the organizations’ values, missions, and performance principles. ...II. Organizational change perspectives – a view from the bottom: identifying the causes and drivers of organizational change. III. The process of organizational change – how and why different organizations implement change. IV. Organizational change resources – different perspectives on organizational change as a reflection of resource availabilities and constraints. V. Organizational change and outcomes – why organizations introduce change and what they seek to achieve. The proposed research assumes that the complexity of the organizational change phenomenon and p rimarily responsible for the multitude of perspectives on change in organizations. This is why each and every aspect of organizational change, from causes to anticipated consequences, should be considered. First, the essence and implications of the organizational change phenomenon should be clarified. Second, different perspectives on the causes and drivers of organizational change will need to be explained, followed by the analysis of the organizational change processes and anticipated outcomes. In many instances, the multiple theories of change reflect the diversity of modes and ways to shape our understanding of the world (Grieves 2010). Grieves (2010) lists several important perspectives on organizational change: structural-functional, multiple constituencies, organizational development perspective, and critical theory of change. The proposed essay will rely on these and other perspectives, to produce a coherent vision of the organizational reality.

Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Drama - Essay Example Ishmael Reed underlines a unique way of depicting feminine social issues whereby the feminine gender is the one who empowers the man while being undermined by the men in their lives. This study is looking to prove that the men did create majority of the marital problems experienced by their feminine counterparts as a result of taking them and their values for granted. The norm of a woman in the society was that her job was to be a wife, mother, proper housekeeper, and supportive to her husband. She was to abide by his decisions and always follow his lead. However in the 1950s, the society was greatly awakened to women seeking careers equivalent to those that men could do and thus changed the social perspective of a womans role in society. In the play written by Reed; the C above C above high C, the two main women who are undermined are Maime Eisenhower and Lil Armstrong. Both of them have undergone the rejection severed by their husbands’ choices of divorce and illicit affairs that devalue their marital status, as well as their value in their husbands’ lives. Lil Armstrong is a highly educated woman with a career in the jazz music industry, and she apparently came from a home that was comfortable and wealthy enough to afford her a good life. Even though her career was pursued against her mother’s wishes, she did meet Louis Armstrong, who had barely scrapped the dust of his jazz music talent. Lil used her gifted and well-developed skills to help channel his innate gift and use it to become the famous jazz musician he became later on in his career. Louis came from a very dysfunctional background as expressed by Lil in her conversation with Maime Eisenhower at the Shoreham hotel. The part where Lil is undermined in her marriage is when Louis takes off to pursue his career without a second glimpse of how the divorce between him and Lil did affect her. Even though they were never on the same path career-wise it would have been more sufficient

The adversarial system in England and Wales Essay Example for Free

The adversarial system in England and Wales Essay The adversarial system of law involves a prosecutor defending his/ her clients in the court of law in the presence of a jury. The jury’s role is to make decisions that will be used in passing the sentence. In this system, the lawyers determine the rulings that are passed. â€Å"Lawyers play a central role in presenting each sides case (Mallenson 11). †This is because their intelligence in solving disputes will determine the sentence passed. Therefore, justice will be served when a prosecutor convinces both the judge and the jury that their defendant is innocent. The accused is not mandated to give evidence but should they choose to defend themselves, they will be cross examined by both parties. In England, the adversarial system is overly institutionalised. The prosecutor has to convince the jury beyond reasonable doubt that the accused committed the crime. The rule of law entails that the law enforcement agents can only make decisions and exercise their duties when as the law suggests. The rules of revealing evidence are developed based on the laws of England and Wales. The rules in this case give the judge limited power. Hence the roles played by judges in the adversarial system are passive since their duties are to ensure that both parties comply with the court rules and they will give direction on the way forward when disputes arise. The adversarial system, the rules of evidence are strict and the stand of prosecutors should be based on facts. For this reason, the cases are well prepared as prosecutors conduct intensive and extensive investigation prior to the court proceedings. The jury is also supposed to be impartial such that they represent what they consider as the truth so as to enable justice to be served. The adversarial system ensures fair trial as the state is not biased against the defendant. Key principles which govern the behaviour of advocates for the prosecution and the defence For advocates to perform well there are certain principles which they must follow. The key principles are the Expediency principle and the legality principles. The expediency principle also called opportunity principle which ensures that prosecutors need to be well disciplined and discrete so that they can represent the defendants impartially. This means that they are not supposed to handle cases just because they have been presented to the courts but because they want to bring about change and help justice take its course. The legality principle ensures that prosecutors have enough, reliable and valid evidence especially in the early stages. Moreover, the prosecutor is not supposed to be influenced by outside forces (Fionda 8). The key principles are father enhanced by other principles some of them are: The prosecutors should treat each case uniquely and not relate it to similar cases before. They must be fair, independent and should not be influenced by anyone or anything, they have to work in the interests of promoting fair justice and not to fulfil their personal ambitions, they have a responsibility of guiding and advising investigators whenever possible. They also review cases and ensure all evidence is presented to the courts. The prosecutors work is to assist the courts to reach a proper and fair sentence that is backed by sufficient evidence and facts so as to assist the courts to come up with a valid conclusion. They will do this by looking into various matters such as making sure they are conversant with the guidelines on the court procedures with regard to the case; do background research on the victims which will include if they have faced any previous charges. They will also need to make sure that there are fewer barriers that will influence their investigations for instance restraining orders. The prosecutor therefore is useful to the courts because they may tell the court how the victim should be sentenced depending on the crimes they have committed. This is because they prepare a plea and Sentence document before sentencing and they present it to the courts. The prosecutors will therefore ensure fair trial by following up court proceedings by constantly reviewing what is presented to the courts as correct and relevant. Fair trial is also furthered when they address new cases afresh by looking into all the supporting evidence so that they can argue their points in court. In enhancing equality, they do this by making sure that they are not influenced by other people or their personal feelings getting in the way of their work and they will present wrong judgements. They also make sure that the court legislators are informed of what is expected from them as they are constantly advised on the areas where they have doubts. â€Å"Adversarialism will only be valid if both sides are equally matched and every party is treated equally (Ian K, 4). † Presumption of innocence is the state of being considered innocent until the court says you are guilty. This is a right that every accused person is entitled to. The prosecutors therefore are the ones who help the courts prove that a person is ‘guilty’ or ‘not guilty’ beyond any reasonable doubt. The courts refer to as the burden of proof and will only take place when there is evidence. And the prosecutors do this by collecting and presenting the evidence. If the prosecutors or the court has doubt in the evidence presented, the prosecutors will have to be given extra time so that they present what is correct.

Managing and Delegation :: essays research papers

Being Controller of Finance for XYZ Corporation has enormous responsibilities when it comes to management. Can delegation using the proper techniques in management help the controller in planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the Finance Department at XYZ? â€Å"Delegation is a process by which a project manager examines the various responsibilities and tasks at hand, and rather than assuming and completing those tasks and responsibilities on his/her own, that manager decides to assign the work to others† (Right Track Associates, 2000). The controller of Finance at XYZ Corp., lets call him Joe; serves many purposes to the companies overall corporate outlook. However, the responsibility can be overwhelming at times for him. Office managers perform many administrative duties. They compile data about their department and present it to top managers. They write progress reports. They make sure that office equipment runs properly. When it is needed, they request new equipment. In addition, office managers keep records, order supplies, and help plan budgets (Minnesota Department of Education, 2004). THE DILEMA Joe has a problem with delegation and does not seem to incorporate all four functions of management into his management techniques. It is clear that he has too many duties to perform and is having trouble being able to plan, organize, lead, and control. These four functions should be the main aspect of his job. Delegation takes the ability to analyze and plan, and in order to be successful at this, Joe must be able to have self-confidence in what he does. The problem is, is that he does not have the awareness to understand the functions of team dynamics in his department and does not trust others to work on projects he so desperately tries to finish himself. Joe is a very hard worker and overwhelms himself with projects. On average, he spends about twelve hours a day at the office. He comes in at 8 a.m. and does not go home until eight or 9 p.m. He does not hand out work accordingly, and does not hold department meetings as much as he should. Team meetings would help him delegate and plan projects, and divide the work and hand. Another problem Joe has is he does not recognize his employees and their potentials to complete projects correctly. One of the reasons he does not recognize employees is because he does not go around and view the work that they complete. Lower-management usually views the work and he never gets the chance to foresee any of it.

The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 1

Elena Gilbert stepped onto a smooth expanse of grass, the spongy blades col apsing beneath her feet. Clusters of scarlet roses and violet delphiniums pushed up from the ground, while a giant canopy hung above her, twinkling with glowing lanterns. On the terrace in front of her stood two curving white marble fountains that shot sprays of water high into the air. Everything was beautiful, elegant, and somehow familiar. This is Bloddeuwedd's palace, a voice in her head said. But when she had been here last, the field had been crowded with laughing, dancing partygoers. They were gone now, although signs of their presence remained: empty glasses littered the tables set around the edges of the lawn; a silken shawl was tossed over a chair; a lone high-heeled shoe perched on the edge of a fountain. Something else was odd, too. Before, the scene had been lit by the hel ish red light that il uminated everything in the Dark Dimension, turning blues to purples, whites to pinks, and pinks to the velvety color of blood. Now a clear light shone over everything, and a ful white moon sailed calmly overhead. A whisper of movement came from behind her, and Elena realized with a start that she wasn't alone after al . A dark figure was suddenly there, approaching her. Damon. Of course it was Damon, Elena thought with a smile. If anyone was going to appear unexpectedly before her here, at what felt like the end of the world – or at least the hour after a good party had ended – it would be Damon. God, he was so beautiful. Black on black: soft black hair, eyes black as midnight, black jeans, and a smooth leather jacket. As their eyes met, she was so glad to see him that she could hardly breathe. She threw herself into his embrace, clasping him around the neck, feeling the lithe, hard muscles in his arms and chest. â€Å"Damon,† she said, her voice trembling for some reason. Her body was trembling, too, and Damon stroked her arms and shoulders, calming her. â€Å"What is it, princess? Don't tel me you're afraid.† He smirked lazily at her, his hands strong and steady. â€Å"I am afraid,† she answered. â€Å"But what are you afraid of?† That left her puzzled for a moment. Then, slowly, putting her cheek against his, she said, â€Å"I'm afraid that this is just a dream.† â€Å"I'l tel you a secret, princess,† he said into her ear. â€Å"You and I are the only real things here. It's everything else that's the dream.† â€Å"Just you and me?† Elena echoed, an uneasy thought nagging at her, as though she were forgetting something – or someone. A fleck of ash landed on her dress, and she absently brushed it away. â€Å"It's just the two of us, Elena,† Damon said sharply. â€Å"You're mine. I'm yours. We've loved each other since the beginning of time.† Of course. That must be why she was trembling – it was joy. He was hers. She was his. They belonged together. She whispered one word: â€Å"Yes.† Then he kissed her. His lips were soft as silk, and when the kiss deepened, she tilted her head back, exposing her throat, anticipating the double wasp sting he'd delivered so many times. When it didn't come, she opened her eyes questioningly. The moon was as bright as ever, and the scent of roses hung heavy in the air. But Damon's chiseled features were pale under his dark hair, and more ash had landed on the shoulders of his jacket. Al at once, the little doubts that had been niggling at her came together. Oh, no. Oh, no. â€Å"Damon.† She gasped, looking into his eyes despairingly as tears fil ed her own. â€Å"You can't be here, Damon. You're†¦ dead.† â€Å"For more than five hundred years, princess.† Damon flashed his blinding smile at her. More ash was fal ing around them, like a fine gray rain, the same gray ash Damon's body was buried beneath, worlds and dimensions away. â€Å"Damon, you're†¦ dead now. Not undead, but†¦ gone.† â€Å"No, Elena†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He began to flicker and fade, like a dying lightbulb. â€Å"Yes. Yes! I held you as you died†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena was sobbing helplessly. She couldn't feel Damon's arms at al now. He was disappearing into shimmering light. â€Å"Listen to me, Elena†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She was holding moonlight. Anguish caught at her heart. â€Å"Al you need to do is cal for me,† Damon's voice said. â€Å"Al you need†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His voice faded into the sound of wind rustling through the trees. Elena's eyes snapped open. Through a fog she registered that she was in a room fil ed with sunlight, and a huge crow was perched on the sil of an open window. The bird tilted its head to one side and gave a croak, watching her with bright eyes. A cold chil ran down her spine. â€Å"Damon?† she whispered. But the crow just spread its wings and flew away.

A Strategic Report on Emirates Airlines Essay

It is important to study of any business, particularly in a global environment of rapidly changing contexts. In this regard, there are several core strategies that management need to consider and monitor in reviewing the ongoing performance of their business. In order to respond to change effectively, management must regularly assess its efficiency in several different areas of the performance of within company life. Management strategists need to identify their competitive advantages, properly position themselves and clearly identify their competitiveness in the marketplace. Therefore, management must constantly analyse and respecify their business objectives as well as setting new strategic goals to keep up their operations in a dynamic environment. Airlines Industry We live in a global world that is more interconnected than at any time in history. In combination with enormous changes to the communications industry and the rapid spread of information via the Internet, the world constantly experiences 24 hour a day movement of data, goods, services, and people traveling every corner of the world in less than one day. As quoted by Oxford Economics, â€Å"every day in the skies above us; our globalized world has long been woven together by a web of flights, creating ever-expanding social and economic networks across the planet†. (Aviation: The Real World Wide Web 2008, p. 7). In 2011, for example, airlines transported 2. 8 billion passengers and 47. 6 million metric tons of air cargo and actively connected the world’s cities with 36,000 routes. (The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013, p. 7). In addition to the transport of goods, business travel has also grown as companies become increasingly internationally focused. As a result, airline industry is a strategic sector having a crucial role in other industries globalization. According to The airline industry, the outlook for the air travel industry is one of strong growth, but it will not be without challenge. Those airlines that would be able to deal with their cost and enhance their product would be successful. An example of the market threats for airlines was seen in 2009, when airline businesses faced global economic downfall and overall industry-wide losses of $9. 4 billion caused by high oil prices, long global recessions, falling demands, fierce price-cutting, collapsing yields revenue per mile and low consumer confidence. A result, the demand for air travel decreased, and the market contracted resulting in global bankruptcies and necessary shrinkage in networks and service levels. Although Emirate Airlines faced the same challenges as other airlines, it performed remarkably well against prevailing industry norms despite the worldwide increasing contraction (Nataraja & Al-Aali 2011, p471). This case study will further explore the strategies competitive advantages used by Emirates management team to perform in such a competitive market. Emirates Airlines Samthomasuae ‘s weblog post (2011) covers that Emirates Airlines, known as Emirates, is part of the Emirates Group which has become a reputation for aviation, travel and tourism. The group is owned by the Dubai Government. Emirates is connected to all continents in the world with one hundred and twenty destinations over six continents. Therefore, with more than 50 business units and associated firms, Emirates is one of the largest employers in the Middle East. Emirates is the seventh largest in the world based on the number of carried international passengers, and fourth largest in the world in terms of scheduled international passenger kilometre flown. Within the first 11 years of operation, it has doubled its size every 3. years (Nataraja & Al-Aali 2011, p485). History Emirates started its business in 1985 with two aircrafts, a Boeing 737 and an Airbus 300 B4, with start-up capital of $10 million. Emirates made history by generating of profit within nine months of operations, and It went on the further develop its international routes by adding new destinations such as Bombay, Colombo, Dhaka and Cairo. The result of this bold expansion strategy was that within two years, Emirates had added European destinations including the key city of London, as well as several other new key European destinations. The success of the global strategy of Emirates is not due to the fact that the airline is wholly owned by the Government of Dubai, or because they have received inadvertent government protection but is clearly a case study in the implementation of a successful global competition strategy, in particular taking advantage of Dubai’s open-skies policy which enables Emirates to benefit from the liberalization of international aviation rules and regulations. Emirates, therefore, received initial start-up investment from the Government of Dubai, but it now successfully operates as a wholly independent business entity. Emirates successfully carried 35 million passengers by 2012, representing 50% of total airport capacity (emirates. n. d. ). Emirates market share among regional competitors According to Articlebase weblog post (2010) Emirates Airlines has developed to become highly reputable in the Asian Pacific Continent. The company has pulled itself up very well in the region and as seen from the figure 1, it is the most successful company in the region. Figure 1-Emirate region market share Emirates financial highlights According to Emirates annual report (2013), Emirates revenue (including operating costs) in 2012-13, reached US$19. billion, representing a 17. 4% increase over the financial year of 2011-12. Net profit was US$622 million, reflecting the enormous impact that fuel prices continue to exert on the airline industry. Emirate airlines reported that their profit margin was 3. 1% and the companies’ cash in hand at the end of financial year 2012-13 was US$6. 7 Billion. The company also reports that more people continue to choose Emirates with the number of passengers flown in 2012-13 totalling 39 million, a 16% increase over the previous financial year. Figure 2, Emirate financial highlight/Source: Emirates Annual report 2013 Key Success Factors in the airline industry In order to be successful in the airline industry, various factors such as differentiation, alliances, strong brand name and relation with suppliers are needed to be considered. Differentiation Airlines tend to be differentiated by offering advanced services. For instance, latest technology, e-ticketing and wide seats which may distinguish the company among other competitors. Strong brand name Airlines build a strong brand name by means of different techniques like ffering prizes, frequent flyer programs. Alliances The airlines tends to establish alliances which enable them to share their resources through linking their network. it also helps them to share experiences which result in lower operating cost. â€Å"The Emirates has never joined to any cargo or passenger alliances as they see some anti-competitive elements in them and would be a brake on Emirates business plan. † (The public affair journal of emirates, 2009). the only recent partner of emirate is Quantas from Australia. Relations with supplier Airlines need to have long term contract with the suppliers to keep them safe in case of increasing prices. Environmental analysis of Emirates Macro Environmental Analysis PESTEL analysis of Emirates PESTLE analyse focuses on external factors and gives a strategic overview of the various macro-environmental factors that the company needs to take into account, the PESTEL analyse has been conducted on Emirates. The PESLE analyse is also a useful strategic tool to interpret market growth or decline, business position, potential, and direction for future operations. Political  Emirates and most of the countries in the Asian continent have signed inclusive business agreements as well as with several countries in the Asia-Pacific, Europe, and the USA. Such relationships facilitate better political cooperation and trade opportunities between countries, including the growth of the aviation sector. These agreements have opened up several world markets and provided opportunities for Emirates to grow its network. Emirates is strengthened by the support of the Government of Dubai by providing infrastructure developments to boost the growth of Dubai and Emirates. Low fees and charges at Dubai Airport; same opportunities for all the air carriers provided by the open skies policy; the low taxation policy encouraging the companies and businesses which boost the economy in Dubai; and the easy immigration legislation of Dubai Government enabling companies to secure entry visas and work permits for foreign workers to fulfil their labour requirements are other beneficial policy for Emirates. In contrast, a potential problem for Emirates is the ongoing political instability in the  Middle East region which has the potential to hinder for the further growth of Emirates. (Nataraja & Al-Aali 2011, p482). Economic The sustainable rate of a growing economy in the region, in particular the United Arab Emirates (UAE), has increased the overall level of household income and affordability of people to use air transportation. About 3. 5 billion people are living within the radius of eight hour flight from Dubai and , therefore, such a huge financially stable population generates an ever- increasing demand for air travel in the region. There is an exceptional shift in the aviation market demand, customer choices, and travel behaviour that is changing rapidly which has been evidenced by Nataraja et al (2011, p483). The reason Emirates has experienced phenomenal rise over the past few years is that the regional governments are streamlining their economic policies to suit the growth of the airline industry. This has reflected in growth rates, overall income and potential investments in Dubai among other companies in the tourism industry and the world business.   social  Nataraja et al (2011, p483) state that well-designed strategic management system is sound in the Emirates Company, but this could be compromised if attention is not given to personnel development in the organization. Personnel issues are adversely affecting airline businesses globally and employees are becoming increasingly aware of their high market value and potential. An abundance of multicultural workforce having lower expectation in the region in which Emirates operates is a social advantage in comparison to the expectations of employees from countries namely the USA and UK, Emirates experiences a significant difference in labour costs. Most of the organizations in the UAE are using only 10 precent of their operating expenses to pay their employees and this trend includes Emirates, in comparison to more Westernized businesses which use up to 40 precent of their operating expenses for the same purpose. Consequently, the Airline has benefited extensively and made good profits on these grounds. Technology In response to the advances in technology over the past two decades, Emirates has been able to take the advantage of technology in its operation. Since Emirates has spread its wing globally to serve diverse customers who require global technology, it has invested more resources to place each individual market. Emirates is benefiting from a single global system that is distributed in 14 languages which supports payments in 42 currencies. (Nataraja et al,2011, p483). As it is demonstrated in figure 1, Emirates is interestingly positioned as the youngest and most modern fleets in worldwide commercial aviation industry. The company aims to be a pioneer in technological advances such as in-flight mobile phone coverage to develop and expand the use of mobile phones on-board. Figure 3 , comparison of Airlines’ average fleet age Emirates airlines has also invested in a trip planning system which allows the planning of trips that aim to achieve of time savings and fuel led which lead to obvious costs savings but also reduced emissions. Implementation of this new technology, called Flextracks, saves approximately 10 million liters of fuel as well as 772 hours in travel time in five years of operation. atwonline, 2011) Emirates airline has also recently used the latest airbus 380 aircraft which is known to be environmentally friendly because it consumes less fuel. Technology utilized by provides many time consuming benefits such as the development of online ticket purchase which increases customer convenience and satisfaction and the likelihood of repeat business. Environment Organizations have various obligations to formulate and implement strategies from an environmental perspective. Increasing numbers of firms are implementing tougher environmental regulations as they make economic sense because of conservation of natural resources and air pollution control in the region. They preserve and conserve natural resources and control pollution in the region making good sense from a cost saving perspective as well as a public relations perspectives(Nataraja & Al-Aali 2011, p484). Emirates reports a vision to make their company an environmental leader in the aviation and travel industries with a goals to make sustainable and eco-efficient operation in the air and on the ground. Interestingly, as part of a global trend towards environmental consciousness, Emirates considers their customers, staff and regulators to be increasingly aware of the environment and emission of greenhouse gases and the company has , therefore, committed to environmentally-responsible operations through the Group’s Environmental Policy. This policy is implemented through the ‘Environment’ programme (Emirates environment policy,2013) , which is communicated to customers, staff and stakeholders. The company also reports different environmental considerations to be advantageous from a business perspective because becoming an ecologically-efficient organisation enables them to become economically sustainable, when it comes to consumption of fewer resources and whilst using fewer resources and causing less pollution. These strategies in turn, reduce labour and overall company expenses. Legal In the past, most governments within the Asian continent and in the Asia-Pacific region operated under a paternal government policy and felt that they had to protect airlines against external factors. The recent changes in the economic policies of these governments have allowed airlines to compete more openly having their own economic model without worrying about government hindrances in order to preserve their competitive advantage. In addition, less government control allows the company to operate more freely in the region with less legal impediments in the region resulting in a positive growth and an exceptional performance (Nataraja & Al-Aali 2011, p484). Emirates-porter’s five forces Porter’s 5 forces model is used by businesses to evaluate the environment that a company is competing in. Strategies implemented by Emirates also are a function of environment in which it operates. (Elnamaki, MSS 2007). By using Five Forces Analysis we are able to identify who are the Emirates competitors and where are potential threats; which aspect in Emirates should be improved and focused on; and to analyse whether Emirates and its industry is attractive or destructive. Threat of new entrant There are many barriers that dissuade new entrants in the airline industry. Enter to the market depends on how many barriers exist. Airlines high capital cost positively affect Emirates Airline. Strong brand value is critical to compete. Emirates is a high brand value that cannot be copied because it is a long time it has been operating, and markets heavily depend on its services. Advanced technologies are kind of barrier for a new entrant as they need to develop and implement them before effectively competing Based on Emirates loyalty programs, customers are loyal to Emirates. Building a value brand needs money and time and it uses resources which not to be allocated to compete in the marketplace. Based on the above factors the threat of new entrant is weak. The bargaining power of customers Due to buyer price sensitivity, it is difficult to compete with competitive prices of budget carriers but Emirates compensates by offering world class food, services, comfort and in-flight entertainment, world class service, A380 aircrafts, choices of menu for the elite class, its own private terminal, and non-stop direct flights to various routes including some of the world’s longest non-stop direct flights. I suggest that this power is moderate.

What makes you shudder And what are your commitments

What makes you shudder And what are your commitments Grammar Geeks I belong to a LinkedIn group called Grammar Geeks, where one of the most popular discussions right now, with 269 comments, is â€Å"What Makes You Shudder?†Ã‚   Each of these 269 entries contains someone’s comment (or more often complaint) about a grammar gaffe. At first I was interested in some of the conversations†¦Ã‚   but quickly, the conversation itself was the thing making me shudder.   In fact, I began to shudder each time another member of the group posted a complaint.   Even the word â€Å"shudder† began to make me shudder! from toonpool.com My shuddering at the shuddering forced me to look at my own way of being around grammatical errors.   Do people shudder when I let them know I am shuddering? A Turning Point for The Essay Expert At Unleash the Power Within, the Tony Robbins seminar I attended recently, I discovered multiple errors in the handouts we were given.   Believing I could make a contribution, I brought some of these errors to the attention of one of the staff.   This man pointed out, quite correctly, that the errors certainly did not prevent people from signing up for programs – in particular the ones that cost $10,000. â€Å"Why do you care so much about this?† he asked.   â€Å"Why is your focus on finding things that are wrong?† And â€Å"What would like be like if you started finding things right?† I took his comment seriously, and perhaps it was the corresponding self-reflection that had me shuddering at the relentless list of grammar complaints populating the Grammar Geeks conversation. A Shudder-Free Life?   Finding my Commitment Have I stopped shuddering at the things that have traditionally made me shudder?   Well, no.   But I am putting more attention on my commitment to effective expression in the world. I am also considering that there are bigger problems in the world to shudder about if I want to shudder – like the way we treat our environment, and the failures of our mental health system, and the hunger that still exists in the world side by side with opulence. And I still care deeply about clarity in writing and other verbal expression.   My job is to help people and companies say what they want to say, powerfully and precisely.   When I write, or when I edit someone else’s writing, I care that the final result is moving, compelling, and result-producing. Often grammatical correctness is required to produce an intended result.   An error in a resume, cover letter, or college application can be the difference between acceptance or rejection, an interview or no interview.   It can change someone’s life – maybe someone who is destined to find a cure for cancer, or discover new treatments for mental illness, or advocate for environmental issues (I have worked with people doing all of these things). As for the shudderers, I believe there is something to be gained from acceptance.   Not everyone will write or speak perfectly all the time, and I can accept them for who they are rather than putting distance between us with a shudder.   I think I’ll listen for the meaning of their words instead.   Because even with a grammatical error or two, I can hear what people are saying loud and clear. 🙂 I often adjust my grammar to match the situation Im in. On the streets of Brooklyn, I ask for directions by saying, Wheres the post office at? and on a dentists intake form recently changed Whom should we thank? to Who should we thank? because it just sounds more normal to the general public. Log in to Reply Judy Cullins says: September 2, 2011 at 5:35 pm I say focus on meaning and did the information enlighten you? I get a few gripes on my editiing when the meaning is clear. why do these kinds subscribe to my 170 blog posts and books when the only thing they say to me is This is a grammatical error. They miss my humor and the picture. Certainly, if they read my body of work, they would think amazing, not grammar minutia. Log in to Reply Judy Cullins says: September 2, 2011 at 5:36 pm I meant to say the BIG picture. I love blogs with humor! Log in to Reply Penelope J. says: September 6, 2011 at 3:39 pm Im afraid that I find it hard to compromise. Writers should learn, among other things, to use correct grammar and punctuation. Its a sign of respect for their readers. If there are grammatical errors, as someone above pointed out, there may be other more important mistakes in the content. Some popular bloggers maintain that its their creativity and content that count, and not their grammar. Why focus on whats wrong? is the usual retort when you point out, for example, that the possessive its does not have an apostrophe. Little do they realize how many of their so-called readers are turned off by or not reading their posts anymore for this very reason. However, spoken English is another matter. People can speak it the way they like. Anyway, the language/lingo is changing so much that almost anything is acceptable. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: September 6, 2011 at 4:41 pm Thanks Penelope. I admit that while I hold high standards for myself and for other writers, I also know that there are fewer and fewer great writers out there. Hey, not everyone can have The Essay Expert edit their writing, as much as I would like to take that on! My intention is to be forgiving while not relaxing my standards. Quite a trick! Log in to Reply

Major General Henry Halleck in the Civil War

Major General Henry Halleck in the Civil War Henry Halleck - Early Life Career: Born January 16, 1815, Henry Wager Halleck was the son of War of 1812 veteran Joseph Halleck and his wife Catherine Wager Halleck. Initially raised on the family farm in Westernville, NY, Halleck quickly grew to detest the agricultural lifestyle and ran away at a young age. Taken in by his uncle David Wager, Halleck spent part of his childhood in Utica, NY and later attended Hudson Academy and Union College. Seeking a military career, he elected to apply to West Point. Accepted, Halleck entered the academy in 1835 and soon proved to be a highly gifted student. During his time at West Point, he became a favorite of noted military theorist Dennis Hart Mahan. Henry Halleck - Old Brains: Due to this connection and his stellar classroom performance, Halleck was permitted to give lectures to fellow cadets while still a student. Graduating in 1839, he placed third in a class of thirty-one. Commissioned as a second lieutenant he saw early service augmenting the harbor defenses around New York City. This assignment led him to pen and submit a document on coastal defenses entitled Report on the Means of National Defense. Impressing the US Armys senior-most officer, Major General Winfield Scott, this effort was rewarded with a trip to Europe to study fortifications in 1844. While abroad, the Halleck was promoted to first lieutenant. Returning, Halleck gave a series of lectures on military topics at the Lowell Institute in Boston. These were later published as Elements of Military Art and Science and became one of the key works read by officers in the coming decades. Due to his studious nature and his numerous publications, Halleck became known to his peers as Old Brains. With the outbreak of the Mexican-American War in 1846, he received orders to sail for the West Coast to serve as an aide to Commodore William Shubrick. Sailing aboard USS Lexington, Halleck used the long voyage to translate noted theorist Baron Antoine-Henri Jominis Vie politique et militaire de Napoleon into English. Arriving in California, he initially was tasked with building fortifications, but later took part in Shubricks capture of Mazatln in November 1847. Henry Halleck - California: Brevetted to captain for his actions at Mazatln, Halleck remained in California after the wars conclusion in 1848. Assigned as military secretary of state for Major General Bennett Riley, governor of the California Territory, he served as his representative at the 1849 constitutional convention in Monterey. Due to his education, Halleck played a key role in shaping the document and was later nominated to serve as one of Californias first US Senators. Defeated in this effort, he helped found the law firm of Halleck, Peachy Billings. As his legal business increased, Halleck grew wealthy and elected to resign from the US Army in 1854. He married Elizabeth Hamilton, the granddaughter of Alexander Hamilton, that same year. Henry Halleck - The Civil War Begins: An increasingly prominent citizen, Halleck was appointed a major general in the California militia and briefly served as president of the Atlantic Pacific Railroad. With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Halleck promptly pledged his loyalty and services to the Union cause despite his Democratic political leanings. Due to his reputation as a military scholar, Scott immediately recommended Halleck for appointment to the rank of major general. This was approved on August 19 and Halleck became the US Armys fourth-most senior officer behind Scott and Major Generals George B. McClellan and John C. Frà ©mont. That November, Halleck was given command of the Department of the Missouri and dispatched to St. Louis to relieve Frà ©mont. Henry Halleck - War in the West: A talented administrator, Halleck quickly reorganized the department and worked to expand his sphere of influence. Despite his organizational skills, he proved a cautious and difficult commander to serve under as he often kept plans to himself and seldom ventured from his headquarters. As a result, Halleck failed to cultivate relationships with his key subordinates and created an air of mistrust. Concerned about Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grants history of alcoholism, Halleck blocked his request to mount a campaign up the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. This was overturned by President Abraham Lincoln and resulted in Grant winning victories at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in early 1862. Though troops in Hallecks department won a string of victories in early 1862 at Island No. 10, Pea Ridge, and Shiloh, the period was marred by constant political maneuvering on his part. This saw him relieve and reinstate Grant due to concerns over alcoholism as well as repeated attempts to enlarge his department. Though he played no active role in the fighting, Hallecks national reputation continued to grow due to the performance of his subordinates. In late April 1862, Halleck finally took to the field and assumed command of a 100,000-man force. As part of this, he effectively demoted Grant by making him his second-in-command. Moving cautiously, Halleck advanced on Corinth, MS. Though he captured the town, he failed to bring General P.G.T. Beauregards Confederate army to battle. Henry Halleck - General-in-Chief: Despite his less than stellar performance at Corinth, Halleck was ordered east in July by Lincoln. Responding to McClellans failure during the Peninsula Campaign, Lincoln requested that Halleck become the Union general-in-chief responsible for coordinating the actions of all Union forces in the field. Accepting, Halleck proved disappointing to the president as he failed to encourage the aggressive action that Lincoln desired from his commanders. Already hampered by his personality, Hallecks situation was made more difficult by the fact that many of his nominally subordinate commanders routinely ignored his orders and thought of him as nothing more than a bureaucrat. This proved the case in August when Halleck was unable to convince McClellan to rapidly move to Major General John Popes aid during the Second Battle of Manassas. Losing confidence after this failure, Halleck became what Lincoln referred to as little more than a first rate clerk. Though a master of logistics and training, Halleck contributed little in terms of strategic guidance to the war effort. Remaining in this post through 1863, Halleck continued to prove largely ineffective though his efforts were hampered by interference from Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. On March 12, 1864, Grant was promoted to lieutenant general and made Union general-in-chief. Rather than sack Halleck, Grant shifted him to the position of chief of staff. This change suited the studious general as it allowed him to excel in those areas which he was best suited. As Grant embarked on his Overland Campaign against General Robert E. Lee and Major General William T. Sherman began advancing on Atlanta, Halleck ensured that their armies remained well-supplied and that reinforcements found their way to the front. As these campaigns pushed forward, he also came to support Grant and Shermans concept of total war against the Confederacy. Henry Halleck - Later Career: With Lees surrender at Appomattox and the end of the war in April 1865, Halleck was given command of the Department of the James. He remained in this post until August when he was transferred to the Military Division of the Pacific after quarreling with Sherman. Returning to California, Halleck traveled to newly-purchased Alaska in 1868. The following year saw him return east to assume command of the Military Division of the South. Headquartered at Louisville, KY, Halleck died in this post on January 9, 1872. His remains were buried at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, NY. Selected Sources Civil War Trust: Major General Henry W. HalleckCivil War: Henry HalleckNNDB: Major General Henry W. Halleck

Religion and Theology Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religion and Theology Questions - Assignment Example In Jainism, dharma refers to the eternal law which all of its followers must adopt thereby becoming indifferent of the material senses of the world. It promotes a sense of self-denial and nonviolence. Karma, more than being just a principle, is a way of preventing sins in Jainism (Andrea & Overfield, 2012). Karma in Jainism also acquires a physical and material exists within the soul rather than being the consequence of an action. In Buddhism, dharma refers to the law of righteousness, especially as it was taught by Buddha himself. Dharma in Buddhism characterizes that universal law of nature that spans the mundane and extra-mundane, engendering the duties of Man as realizing through meditation as did the Buddha (Andrea & Overfield, 2012). In Buddhism, Karma not merely relies on one’s actions but also on the intention behind any action. As such, Karma explains the causal relationship between the various actions and the kind of next life which leads to. While the basic concept of dharma is the same in all three traditions, Hindus understand it as a natural law that governs social relations and responsibilities. On the other hand, dharma in Buddhism refers to the teachings of Buddha as well as the mental states experienced by Man. These include all the impulses and conscious thoughts. Further, the concept of karma differs in Hinduism and Jainism whereby karma in Hinduism does not occupy an existential state within the soul whereas it occupies a material state within one’s soul in Jainism. 2. Being monotheistic religions, there is one God in all three Abrahamic religions although the concept of God differs in each of these. As noted by Neusner, Chilton & Graham (2002), Christians and Muslims rely on cumulative knowledge of God as added on by each additional scripture. Jews, however, rely on a dual knowledge of God through oral and written Torah.  

Farmgirl Broke the Contract with Pastaman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Farmgirl Broke the Contract with Pastaman - Essay Example The agreement between Pastaman and Farmgirl bore all the hallmarks for the existence of adequate consideration. According to Pollock (1906), one of the most basic elements to test for consideration is the premise that something must move from the offeree to the offeror. That is, the person making the offer must be expecting something in return. In this case, Pastaman offer to buy all of Farmgirl’s produce, including the excess was the item that was moving from him to Farmgirl. On the other hand, Farmgirl’s acceptance to sell all her produce to Pastaman, and no excess to a third party without his consent was the item that was moving from her to Pastaman. However, the alibi of consideration here became subjective or destroyed, given that her agreement to the contract was an aspect of detrimental reliance (Gordley, 1997) on Pastaman’s agent who claimed that their company had never sought the enforcement of the consideration clause. Farmgirl obviously acted on the be lief that there was no consideration and she had no obligation to respect the terms of not selling her excess tomatoes to a third party. As was seen in the famous case of Tweddle v Atkinson (1861)1 if no consideration is present, then the contract may not be enforceable, even if it contains a clause to the effect that it should be enforceable. In this landmark case, the absence of consideration prevented Tweddle implying a contract between himself and Atkinson (see: TweddleVAtkinson1861). However, Powell (1790) contended that another important factor that showed consideration was forbearance. That is, the consideration is said to exist when one party accepts to fail to carry out an act. Farmgirl never agreed to seek Pastaman’s consent before selling her excess tomatoes to third parties. So there wasn’t any act of forbearance here and hence any consideration.

Values for professional studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Values for professional studies - Essay Example The cycle comprises six stages namely, description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and final stage is an action plan to prepare if the situation arose again (NHS, 2006). Baird and Winter (2005, p.156) give some reasons why reflection is required in the reflective practice. They state that a reflect is to generate the practical knowledge, assist an ability to adapt to new situations, develop self-esteem and satisfaction as well as to value, develop and professionalizing practice. However, Siviter (2004, p.165) explains that reflection is about gaining self-confidence, identify when to improve, learning from own mistakes and behaviour, looking at other people’s perspectives, being self-aware and improving the future by learning the past. In my context with the patient, it is important for me to improve the therapeutic relationship, which is the nurse-patient relationship. In the therapeutic relationship, there is the therapeutic rapport to establish from a sense of t rust and a mutual understanding existing between a nurse and a patient that builds in a special link of the relationship (Harkreader and Hogan, 2004, p.243). (Peplau 1952, cited in Harkreader and Hogan 2004, p.245) note that a good contact in a therapeutic relationship builds trust as well as raises the patient’s self-esteem, which could lead to new personal growth for the patient. Besides, (Ruesch 1961, cited in Arnold and Boggs 2007, p.200) mention the purpose of the therapeutic communication is to improve the patient’s ability to function. Therefore, in order to establish a therapeutic nurse-patient interaction, a nurse must show up caring, sincerity, empathy and trustworthiness (Kathol, 2003, p.33). Those attitudes could be expressed by promoting the effective communication and relationships by the implementation of interpersonal skills. Johnson (2008) defines that the interpersonal skills is the total ability to communicate effectively with other people. Chitty an d Black (2007, p.218) mention that communication is the exchange of information, thoughts and ideas via verbal and non-verbal communication processes. They explain that verbal communication consists of all speech whereas non-verbal communication consists of gestures, postures, facial expressions, tone and level of volume. In this assignment I discuss my development of therapeutic relationship in the circumstance of the nurse-patient relationship using the interpersonal skills. My reflection is about a patient, Mary (not the real name) whose real name is confided to protect the confidentiality of patient’s information (NMC, 2004). DESCRIPTION: (What happened ?) In this paragraph, I would describe on the event that took place during my clinical placement. I was on the female psychiatric ward. Once I noticed one woman was still sitting on her bed trying to take something from the cupboard. She was Mrs. Mary, 76 years old who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She was unable to control her muscle movement due to tremor. She was having a side effect of anti psychotic medication which was a Parkinsonism (Sahelian, 2005). She could not walk herself and need to be assisted if she wanted to stand or walk. This old woman was unable to feed on her own. Therefore, I checked her diet chart and served a cup of milk from her cupboard. To confirm that Mrs. Mary was actually wanting some milk I had to involve in a lengthy process of

Co Evolution Of Humans And Disease Organisms

Co Evolution Of Humans And Disease Organisms Co-evolution is a situation where two or more species influence each others evolution reciprocally by applying selective pressures on each other. Genetically speaking, co-evolution is the change in genetic composition of one species in response to the genetic change in another. This can lead to evolutionary arms races, a classic example being the interaction between plants and insects. The development of a gene for chemical defences that is harmful to the insect by the plant will put a pressure on the population growth of the insect, and the insect will try to overcome this by evolving something to detoxify them, the plant will in turn evolve a stronger defence and so on, without either side winning (Ridley 2004). There are different types of interactions between organisms (Maynard Smith 1998). Among some are: Competition, where 2 species compete for a limited amount of a common essential resource and one or the other will be eliminated. For example, lions and cheetahs both feed on similar prey, so they are negatively affected by each other because they will have to compete for food. Mutualism, where the presence of one species stimulates the growth of another, and both sides benefit from the relationship, such as animals like cow and bacteria within their intestines. Cows benefit from cellulase produced by bacteria to help digestion while bacteria benefit from having nutrients supply from the cows. Parasitism, host-pathogen co-evolution, interaction between humans and disease organisms is an example of this, where a parasite benefit from its host at the cost of the host. In the mid-nineteenth century, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace determined the mechanism of evolution as natural selection. Species and population do not remain fixed, but they change over time. Individuals of a same species show differences in phenotype, such as difference in height, colour, or defences against enemies. These can be passed on through generations. In a community, members of the same species will need to struggle for limited resources and avoid predators for survival. Those with an advantage in phenotype will survive better and therefore be able to reproduce more successfully. One way to recognize natural selection in a population is by using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to measure the allele frequencies and genotype frequencies, on the assumption that it is an ideal population with large population size and random mating, lack of mutation and migration. There are three main types of selection: Directional selection, where the phenotype at one end of the distribution is selected for and the other end selected against. Stabilizing selection, where the intermediate phenotype is selected for while those at both extremes are selected against. Disruptive selection, where the phenotypes at both extremes are favoured simultaneously. In addition to natural selection, other factors that could alter allele frequencies are like mutation, migration or genetic drift that might eventually lead to speciation, which is the formation of new species (Klug, Spencer et al. 2007). Disease organisms are called pathogens, causing diseases by infecting or infesting another organism. They are often described as parasite, because they benefit from living in or on a host, at the cost of the host and can be anything from microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses to parasitic worms like tapeworms. To discuss the interaction between humans and disease organisms, we first have to look at how humans protect themselves against infection. The first line of defence of humans against pathogens is physical barriers. The intact skin of humans serves as an impenetrable barrier to pathogens and the acidity of sweat also hinders growth of bacteria. However, pathogens can still get inside the human body and this is where the immune system comes into play. There are two mechanisms of the immune system, namely the innate immunity and the adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the inborn ability to defend ourselves without prior learning experience and this includes phagocytes such as monocytes and neutrophils where they can eat up the pathogens, and inflammatory cells such as eosinophils and basophils that trigger local inflammation at the infection site. On the other hand, adaptive immunity is the immune response that needs to be acquired through experience and it has exquisite specificity and immunological memory. The cells working under adaptive immunity are like cytotoxic cells that kill infected cells and B cells that produce antibody to destroy pathogens. On the timeline of evolution, humans, or Homo sapiens have only been around for less than 2 million years, while worms have been around for about 750 million years. The complexity of the innate immunity in humans today is due to evolution as time passes and more species of pathogens appeared, because only the fittest individuals survived the infection to reproduce and pass on their genes to the next generation. Innate immunity provide immediate defence against infection but it only recognises prominent differences between own cells and the pathogens, therefore responding to pathogens in a generic way. Thus, innate immunity works closely together with adaptive immunity which can give long term specific immune response due to memory cells. For example, immunity for malarial parasite will not give immunity for bacteria that causes tuberculosis (Davey, Halliday et al. 2001). Exposure to a certain pathogen in varying degrees also has affect on the genetic evolution of the immune system. One example is a cluster of genes that plays an important role in the recognition and presentation of non-self antigens to the cells of the immune system called the HLA (human leucocyte antigen), also known as major histocompatability complex (MHC) has been found to have associations with diseases like leprosy and tubercolosis (May and Anderson 1983). In a human population exposed to more of the diseases shows a higher diversity on the HLA genes. Disease organisms have different generation times. For example, the bacterium Escherichia Coli can reproduce in just twenty minutes under ideal circumstances, while the HIV (Human Immunodificiency Virus) can generate 10 billion new virus particles in a day. So in the course of the humans life, these pathogens can go through hundreds and thousands of generation, evolving to become better adapted and acquiring counter-defence to the humans immune system. Some important features of the co-evolution of humans and disease organism arise from this huge difference of reproductive rates. Pathogens usually possess certain adaptations to resist humans from trying to remove them and they are very much dependant on humans as their hosts for essential resources to survive, grow and reproduce. They must be able to find a new host before their current one dies or make their transition by means of vector species. The activity of the pathogens will to some extend reduce the fitness of humans or even kill them. There is a varying degree of harm that a pathogen can cause to humans, and this property is called virulence. For the same species of pathogen, some individuals might be totally unaffected by it while some might get infection that could be mild to serious or even killed by it. Virulence of one pathogen can be measured as the percentage of infections that leads to death. The bacterium Vibrio cholera was one the most virulent human pathogens, with a virulence of 15 percent until the appearance of HIV, which has a virulence of over 90 percent, meaning that 90 percent of infected people die (Davey, Halliday et al. 2001). There are different phases in which a disease organism can adapt to its host. The first phase being accidental infection, that is the first contact of the pathogen with a new species of host. Many human diseases are caused by pathogens that infect animals such as rabies, SARS and bird flu. Host changes are promoted by frequent contact between humans and animals such as keeping a pet. The second phase is the evolution of virulence after the pathogen has successfully invaded a new host. In this phase evolution of virulence happens rapidly because the pathogen is not be well adapted to the new host and will try to overcome the immune response by the host. The third phase occurs the pathogen has been persisting in the new host for some time and tries to reach an optimal virulence. Virulence that is too high either kills the host too quickly resulting in less time to reproduce successfully , reduce the chances of the host interacting with other hosts therefore reducing transmission or ind uces an immune response that react too strongly, while mildly virulent strains will be cleared by the immune system too quickly (Stearns and Koella 2008). An example of co-evolution between the immune system of humans and disease organism is shown in flu virus. When a large proportion of the population has developed immunity to a certain strain of flu virus, the spread of the virus will be prevented until it has evolved by mutation or re-assortment. This is called antigenic drift, where a variety of strains are created until one can infect people who are immune to the pre-existing strains. If a virus is produced that has entirely new antigens, everyone will be susceptible thus causing a major pandemic. Possibly one of the best-known cases for co-evolution of humans and disease organisms is the evolution of humans for the sickle cell trait to protect against severe malaria. Sickle cell disease is caused by a change in shape of haemoglobin, causing red blood cells to be distorted and encounter problems when passing through blood capillaries. Homozygous individuals do not survive for long and rarely reproduce while heterozygous individuals produce sickle shaped red cells and normal ones but barely develop any symptoms of the disease. One would assume that the allele frequency of sickle cell would reduce in a population but this is not the case. It has been found that heterozygotes for sickle cell have an advantage over normal individuals because the sickle shaped red cells reduce the ability of the parasite Plasmodium to grow and multiply. Another example that can be given is the evolution of the bacterium such as Mycobacterium tubercolosis, which causes TB. Strains of the TB bacteriu m have evolved recently that is resistant to all drugs, namely the multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains. Depending on the changes in human population, the bacteria can change its virulence accordingly. Some pathogens are willing to trade-off virulence with transmission, keeping virulence low so that transmission between hosts can happen. However, if the host becomes abundant or the immune system is suppressed as in the case of AIDS, then the pathogen may evolve a higher virulence. Co-evolution simply means the evolution of one species in response to that of another species. However, co-evolution does not indicate dependence on one another. Humans are not dependant on parasites for survival, and the other way around. Co-evolution of humans and disease organisms has produced many fascinating variations, whether in humans or the disease organisms. The studies on this can aide us in gaining understanding of health and diseases as disease organisms remain a major cause of mortality, especially in the under-developed regions of the world.